Sabtu, 28 Agustus 2010

[B657.Ebook] Get Free Ebook Raumplan Versus Plan Libre: Adolf Loos to Le Corbusier, by Adolf Loos, Le Corbusier, Johan Van De Beek, Beatriz Colomina

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Raumplan Versus Plan Libre: Adolf Loos to Le Corbusier, by Adolf Loos, Le Corbusier, Johan Van De Beek, Beatriz Colomina

Originally published as a catalogue to accompany an exhibition with the same name in 1987, this new edition re-examines the respective merits of two giants of Modern Architecture Adolf Loos and Le Corbusier. As well as featuring writings by the two architects, the book illustrates their respective evolution, with detailed reference to their domestic projects, ranging from the Strasser House (1919) to the Last House (1932), and from the Maison Domino (1915) to Villa Savoye (1932). Features major contributions form Beatriz Colomina, Jan de Heer and Max Risselada, among others.

  • Sales Rank: #924179 in Books
  • Brand: Brand: 010 Uitgeverij
  • Published on: 2008-11-15
  • Original language: English
  • Dimensions: 10.50" h x 8.25" w x .75" l, .0 pounds
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 192 pages
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  • Used Book in Good Condition

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Jumat, 27 Agustus 2010

[P275.Ebook] Download PDF Dorothea Orem: Self-Care Deficit Theory (Notes on Nursing Theories), by Donna Hartweg

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Dorothea Orem: Self-Care Deficit Theory (Notes on Nursing Theories), by Donna Hartweg

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Dorothea Orem: Self-Care Deficit Theory (Notes on Nursing Theories), by Donna Hartweg

Encapsulating the work of a classic nursing theorist, this book provides a unique overview of Orem's Self-Care Deficit Model of Nursing.

Orem's Model proposes that nursing should be especially concerned with the patient's need to move continuously towards responsible action in self-care in order to sustain life and health or to recover from disease or injury. The actions required of nurses to achieve these goals are clearly described.

  • Sales Rank: #1285025 in Books
  • Brand: Brand: SAGE Publications, Inc
  • Published on: 1991-09-11
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 8.50" h x .17" w x 5.25" l, .24 pounds
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 59 pages
Features
  • Used Book in Good Condition

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1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
Excellent reference
By R. Montoya
For any MSN student trying to delve deeper into nursing theory this book is a great resource about one of the most notable nursing theorist of our time.

2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
Excellent
By Tracy, FL
This book is an excellent review of Orem's Self Care Deficit Theory. I purchased this book for my MSN program's theory class and it provided detailed descriptions and background information on Orem's theories and theoretical model. This book was critical to preparing my deconstruction of her theory and it was definitly a best buy.

0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Four Stars
By LaShonna Lundy-Jackson
Great book, very helpful in understanding Orem

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Senin, 23 Agustus 2010

[B157.Ebook] Download PDF Managing Acquisitions: Creating Value Through Corporate Renewal, by David B. Jemison, Philippe C. Haspeslagh

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Managing Acquisitions:  Creating Value Through Corporate Renewal, by David B. Jemison, Philippe C. Haspeslagh

Based on eight years of research at 20 companies involved in 30 mergers or acquisitions in the United States, Europe and Asia, this book argues that too much attention is paid to takeover strategies and not enough to developing resources after they have been acquired. This book aims to redress this balance by devoting as much space to the issues that arise after an acquisition or takeover as to the measures needed to pull off the initial business coup.

  • Sales Rank: #1218548 in Books
  • Published on: 1991-04-01
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 9.62" h x 1.36" w x 6.60" l,
  • Binding: Hardcover
  • 418 pages

Review
Sam L. Ginn Chairman and CEO Pacific Telesis Group The authors' distinctive view of integration processes as a key to creating value is useful. They provide a way to place acquisitions into the corporation's overall strategic context, help understand what makes an acquisition work, and discuss in practical terms the problems one faces after the deal is done.

About the Author
Philippe Haspeslagh is Associate Professor of Business Policy at INSEAD in Fontainebleau, France, and Director of its Strategic Issues in Mergers and Acquisitions Executive Program. David Jemison is Associate Professor of Management and Joseph Paschal Dreibelbis Faculty Fellow at the University of Texas at Austin. This book is based on the authors' research on acquisitions in ten countries as well as their experience as educators and advisors in the area of acquisition management and corporate development in international firms.

Excerpt. � Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved.

Chapter One

Mastering the Acquisition Process

The Key to Value Creation

Acquisitions have a unique potential to transform firms and to contribute to corporate renewal. They can help a firm renew its market positions at a speed not achievable through internal development. They can provide an ability to gain all the benefits from combining assets and sharing capabilities in a way not obtainable through partnerships. More profoundly, however, acquisitions can bring into a company capabilities the organization finds hard to develop, or they can provide the opportunity to leverage existing capabilities into much more significant positions.

The aim of this book is to help unshackle the potential of mergers and acquisitions by providing a perspective that differs from the prevailing financial, or even strategic, views. Our primary message is that key differences between acquisition success and failure lie in understanding and better managing the processes by which acquisition decisions are made and by which they are integrated.

Our arguments are directed to managers, executives, and directors of firms whose acquisitions are driven by strategic, not simply financial, motives for corporate renewal. They also address the interests of scholars concerned with how strategic factors, organizational factors, and performance interact in acquisitions.

ACQUISITIVE PHENOMENON

In the past, acquisitions tended to come in distinct waves, but in the eighties acquisitions became an increasingly broad-based phenomenon as firms renewed their competitive positions, as industry after industry went through its own wave of restructuring, and as acquisition activity spread across the globe. Although it is too early to tell to whether the current level of acquisitive activity will continue or is just another wave, its composition is more varied and its nature more international than those of earlier waves.

In the United States, acquisition transactions in excess of $35 million increased from $186.4 billion in 1985 to $234.1 billion in 1989. Of these totals, acquisitions by European firms accounted for $28.8 billion, or 12.3 percent, compared with $4.5 billion in 1985, a figure that represented 2.4 percent then. Recently Japanese finns have begun to make acquisitions in the United States, moving from $126.5 million in 1985 to $7 billion in 1989, which is still only 3 percent of all acquisition transactions. Notwithstanding the publicity received by hostile takeovers during the period, the number of hostile bids in the United States was relatively small. During the period 1985-1989 there were only 114 such hostile takeover contests with a purchase price of more than $50 million. Of these, only thirty-eight were ultimately acquired.

In Europe, acquisition activity has not traditionally been as intense as it has been in the United States. Only Great Britain has an American-style market for corporate control. Yet with $87.1 billion of recorded acquisitions in 1989, European acquisition activity had increased eight-fold since 1985, a figure that might be underestimated, given the less complete reporting of transactions involving privately held firms. In terms of value, cross-border acquisitions had risen from 13 percent in 1985 to 36 percent in 1989, as the move to an integrated Europe gathered steam toward a unified market in 1992. Strong regional differences persisted, born out of different traditions and regulatory contexts.

In the meantime, Japan, which historically had known acquisitions mainly as an orderly rescue for troubled firms, was warming up to acquisitive development. The number of acquisitions involving Japanese companies increased from 289 in 1985 to 660 in 1989. Of this 1989 total, only fifteen were acquisitions by foreign companies in Japan.

In sum, going into the nineties, the acquisition phenomenon appeared increasingly broad based, fragmented, and global. Yet the issue of making acquisitions work has been relatively ignored by the academic literature, as well as by the media coverage of large takeovers. Ironically, while the public's attention has been turned to raiders, hostile takeovers, and financial acquisitions, the great preponderance of acquisitions in the United States and the United Kingdom, and almost all the activity in Continental Europe and Japan, has been strategic, generally amicable, and among firms and management groups who have neither sought nor encouraged publicity. Public attention is focused on the wrong issues for understandable reasons. After all, hostile takeovers by rapacious acquirers make far more interesting stories than friendly divisional acquisitions that contribute to the patient renewal of a firm's capabilities and competitive position.

THE DEBATE ABOUT ACQUISITIONS

Acquisitions have engendered an important debate among managers, public policy makers, and academics about their effects on, and importance to, economic welfare. Most of the academic research on acquisitions focuses on the financial impact of acquisition transactions, logical prescriptions for screening acquisition candidates, or the effect of acquisitions on the people or communities involved. While these issues are clearly complex, there is common agreement that from the perspective of the acquiring company, many acquisitions fail to accomplish their purpose. But the factors associated with these disappointing acquisition experiences are not addressed. We suggest that a focus on the pre-acquisition decision making and the post-acquisition integration processes will lead to new insights into how acquisitions can be used more effectively for strategic renewal.

PROBLEMS IN ACQUISITION DECISION MAKING

The problems frequently presented by pre-acquisition decision making are not self-evident. Whatever the pressures for time and secrecy that surround acquisition decisions, companies and managers do not make such decisions lightly, and they expend substantial resources to make the best decision possible. Yet they readily acknowledge frustrations with the process, as illustrated by this manager, whose acquisition we studied:

The speed with which things took place was mind-boggling. If we had done that sort of quickie analysis for a capital expenditure decision, the board's audit committee would have been down around our ears in a minute.
Chief financial officer of an acquiring firm

In an environment often characterized by real or perceived pressures for speed and secrecy, many managers and specialists engage not only in a process of analysis and evaluation, but also in a process of internal selling and negotiation, the outcome of which is not only an agreement to bid a certain price, but also a much more complex view of how the acquisition will be justified. As our research has revealed, despite all formal analysis and due process, the quality of that justification is often wanting, as acknowledged by another manager we interviewed:

A big justification for the merger was to cross-sell to each other's customers. But we made money in such different ways [fee for service versus interest income] that...nobody spoke the same language. Ultimately, we discovered that the fundamental characteristics of our customer bases were quite different and there wasn't nearly as much overlap as we had originally thought or hoped for.
Senior executive of an acquiring bank

THE PROBLEMS OF INTEGRATION

Decision-making problems are only a part of the story. Even if an acquisition opportunity is sound, the expected synergies have to be realized during the integration phase. Here, too, the contrast in experiences is stark. Consider the following comments from firms that were less experienced in acquisitions:

The chairman and president brought the top 10 people from both finns together and told us that we had a lot of potential if we could merge product lines and use each other's systems. They then told us that although there would be some start-up costs, they were confident that synergies would more than outweigh these and that we shouldn't have a performance dip. After they left the room, the two sides sat stating at each other, wondering why we were there and how we were going to make it work.
Executive from an acquired financial services firm

We were cast adrift...there was no support for us within the parent firm and nobody understood what we were. This was OK until the managers sent by the parent arrived with no instructions about what to do except make money.
Manager in a finance company acquired by a bank

The lack of direction that comes through in these remarks contrasts sharply with the sense of purpose that stands out in comments by experienced acquirers:

We knew from day one that they had to retain their entrepreneurial, market-oriented culture and be run at arm's length. Yet at the same time, we had to find ways to get the synergy.
Manager in ICI after the Beatrice Chemicals acquisition

When we make an acquisition, we adopt a centralized approach from the outset. We have a definite plan worked out when we go in, and there is virtually no need for extended discussions.
Manager in Electrolux after acquiring Zanussi

A lot of the success [with the integration] stemmed from the [negotiation of a] policy statement. The statement itself went into the drawer and never came out again. Its importance was that through protracted negotiations over every clause, each side came to understand the primary concerns of the other, and most importantly that trust and commitment was built up.
Managing Director, British Petroleum's Nutrition business

Why do some companies seem to handle acquisition decisions well when others do not? Why are some able to provide direction to integration efforts where others fail? In this book we describe the process by which value is created by firms, explore the ways in which acquisitions can contribute to value creation, and then address solutions to problems that management teams encounter when they use acquisitions as part of their overall corporate renewal strategies. Understanding this process of value creation, however, will require a shift in conception of the firm from a focus on immediate financial outcomes or current product-market positions to the capabilities that underlie these positions or financial results in the long term.

KEY CHALLENGES IN MANAGING ACQUISITIONS

Our research has identified four common challenges in managing acquisitions:

* Ensuring that acquisitions support the firm's overall corporate renewal strategy.
* Developing a pre-acquisition decision-making process that will allow consideration of the "fight" acquisitions and that will develop for any particular acquisition a meaningful justification, given limited information and the need for speed and secrecy.
* Managing the post-acquisition integration process to create the value hoped for when the acquisition was conceived.
* Fostering both acquisition-specific and broader organizational learning from the exposure to the acquisition

The variety and range of issues involved in strategic acquisitions are quite broad, as illustrated by the following example.

Strategic Acquisitions: The Case of BASF

For senior managers in BASF, one of Germany's diversified chemical giants, the spring of 1985 was a fascinating time. The Vorstand, as the management committee of German companies is called, was considering three different acquisition opportunities in the United States. The combined value of these acquisitions was $1.3 billion, which would significantly shift the geographic and business portfolio of the group.

One involved a bid for Inmont, the U.S. paint manufacturer. The acquisition would bring capabilities to project BASF's Paints division into one of the top three positions in the automotive paints sector, which was becoming increasingly concentrated and global (PPG and Du Pont were the other leading companies). At the same time, however, Inmont's printing ink businesses would present a considerable organizational challenge in an area where BASF was present but had had, until now, limited ambitions. The auction of Inmont involved many of BASF's traditional competitors, including ICI and Akzo.

Akzo, considered one of the most eager candidate buyers for Inmont, was at the same time the prospective seller in a second acquisition decision BASF was facing: the purchase of American Enka's fiber business. The logic here was quite straightforward: Enka's Fibres business strengthened BASF's vertically integrated position in the U.S.-fibers market and provided captive use for the company's American caprolactam facilities.

The third acquisition, a bid for Celanese Corporation's advanced composites businesses, was quite different. Whereas current applications of advanced composites were mainly in aerospace and military and civilian aviation, future applications foreseen for this industry were vast. These composites would provide high-performance substitutes for higher-volume automotive components and other applications. Despite its early position, Celanese had decided it could not wait for the payoffs from its investment to come. BASF, like other bidders, had to decide whether it was willing to pay a big premium for the opportunity to make the future investments required to develop the capabilities it would need to remain a key player in this emerging industry.

These three acquisitions illustrate the interwoven nature of strategic acquisition and divestiture activity among firms, not only in the chemical industry, but in a vast array of fields ranging from power equipment to consumer goods to financial services to publishing to transportation. Above all, they illustrate how the over-publicized deal-making aspect is only the tip of the iceberg in terms of the challenges faced by managers who make strategic acquisitions.

Challenge #1: Consistency with Strategy

Acquisitions are strategic decisions that can both reinforce and change a firm's direction. But ensuring that acquisition decisions are consistent with strategy is difficult, no matter how clear top management is about its current strategy or how disciplined a strategic planning process a company has. Individual acquisition opportunities call a firm's strategy into question almost as often as they fit with it. When should acquisition opportunities that fall outside the scope of the strategy be discarded, and when should they be embraced as a new potential thrust for the firm? Each of the three BASF acquisitions is an example of this ambiguous relationship between acquisitions and strategy:

* The Enka acquisition was fairly straightforward as a logical way of implementing the company's well-defined strategy of building a strong vertically integrated position in the United States.
* The Inmont acquisition opportunity, on the other hand, did not fit with the recently approved strategy for the Paints Division. The company had already tried to penetrate the U.S. automotive paints market on a much smaller scale through Glasurit America Inc. But in absence of a realistic chance to acquire significant market share, since then the division manager had received approval for a more modest European strategy. Now, with Inmont as a possibility, the board encouraged him not only to analyze Inmont, but also redefine a new divisional strategy including a much higher use of the group's cash flow.
* The Celanese acquisition, on the other hand, was in an area where the group did not yet have significant resources, apart from its considerable R&D competence. It represented a business where detailed strategic plans would seem mere fictions, given the uncertainties involved. Ultimately the decision would have to be based on the managers' trust in their vision for this field of advanced composites and their willingness to invest in the experience and capabilities they would need to become a player in that industry. It is a commitment that BASF, along with some other companies like Hoechst, ICI, and British Petroleum, has been willing to make, while other finns have stayed out or sold their businesses because they could not justify their activities in advanced composites on a classic net present value basis.

Most of the managers we interviewed were searching for an appropriate balance between opportunism and planning in acquisitions and the extent to which acquisition strategies could be pinned down specifically enough for financial valuation. They were often at pains to reconcile their confidence in the strategic logic of an acquisition and its demonstrable discounted cash-flow numbers. The need to manage the complex relationships among a firm's strategy, the uncertainties associated with its acquisitions, and the pressure for results is one of the themes of this book.

Challenge #2: Quality of Acquisition Decision Making

Many of the managers we observed did not pause to consider how their decision-making process affected either their decision or the acquisition outcome itself. Somehow the justification process inside the company, involving many managers and specialists from inside and outside the firm, often seemed to turn into a sparring match between the acquisition champion and other managers. The champion was out to sell the idea, while the other managers, each from their own perspectives, were erecting hurdles to clear. The resulting justification might have been clear in terms of the financial numbers that supported the price, but strategic and organizational considerations were by no means clarified to the same extent.

Some companies, even with limited time, were able to consider a complex acquisition and develop an understanding and a common view both of the benefits to be expected and the costs. These firms tended to have as much discussion about the risks involved and how to manage them as about how the benefits would be created. They were also able to consider the organizational requirements and consequences of the acquisition. In contrast, other firms spent as much time and money as their counterparts and involved just as many people, but their efforts resulted in shallow acquisition justifications into which different groups of managers could read their own priorities.

Making acquisition decisions is never easy -- there are always uncertainties. Another challenge we explore in this book is how a firm can discipline itself to develop meaningful acquisition justifications despite the uncertainties, pressures, and limitations inherent in the acquisition decision-making process.

Challenge #3: Capability to Integrate

Many acquisitions look great on paper. Yet no matter how attractive the opportunity, value is not created until after the acquisition, when capabilities are transferred and people from both organizations collaborate to create the expected benefits or to discover others. This collaboration relies on the will and ability of managers in both organizations to work together toward a new strategic task. All too often, firms forgo the benefits of an acquisition by insisting on compliance with a predetermined path or, to the contrary, by avoiding changes in the acquired company that would minimize resistance and disruption. The key to integration is to obtain the participation of the people involved without compromising the strategic task.

Our research found that acquisition integration involves several challenges: adapting pre-acquisition views to embrace reality, an ability to create the atmosphere necessary for capability transfer, the leadership to provide a common vision, and careful management of the interactions between the organizations. However, because there are many purposes for acquisitions, there is no one best way to integrate. Later we will consider how integration takes place, how it can be better managed, and how it varies under different circumstances.

Challenge #4: Capacity for Learning

The acquisitions we examined gave executives unique opportunities to learn (which were sometimes expensive) as they moved their firms into situations outside their regular strategic, organizational, and cultural contexts. One type of learning opportunity was acquisition-specific. This learning related to how to handle acquisitions and which acquisitions to avoid. In some firms an explicit effort was made and mechanisms were created to derive such learning systematically from each acquisition. In others, by contrast, business managers were left to learn from their own experience, or hasty generalizations were drawn after limited exposure to what had actually happened. Thus, companies often wrote off costly acquisition failures without learning from them.

At a broader level, acquisitions gave companies an opportunity to develop new insights into their own strategic direction and to learn how to adapt their own organizational approach. We were struck by the extent to which acquisitions could be at the root of major strategic and organizational adaptation in the acquiring organization. Some firms were hardly altered by the acquisitions they made; in others, acquisitions led to major changes in the rest of the firm.

A PROCESS PERSPECTIVE

A common thread running through each of these challenges is the role of the acquisition process itself. For every acquisition we studied, the decision-making and integration processes had a substantial impact on the source of ideas, the quality of the justification, the integration approach, and the results (see Figure 1-1).

Adopting a process perspective shifts the focus from an acquisition's results to the drivers that cause these results: the transfer of capabilities that will lead to competitive advantage. In the process perspective, acquisitions are not independent, one-off deals. Instead, they are a means to the end of corporate renewal. The transaction itself does not bring the expected benefits; instead, actions and activities of the managers after the agreement determine the results.

This process perspective presents a clear contrast to the conventional view of acquisitions advocated by some managers and scholars.9 In the conventional view, acquisitions are seen as individual deals in which price is paramount. The conventional view also sees acquisition decision making as a sequential, segmented process in which the key elements are financial valuation and the pre-acquisition analysis of strategic fit. In addition, it presumes that the value of an acquisition can be understood and predicted accurately at the time of the agreement. (Figure 1-2 presents the elements of the conventional view.) In contrast, the process perspective emphasizes the role that acquisition decision making plays in helping a management team understand how value will be created, not just how to assign a financial value to a finn. We suggest that while pre-acquisition analysis of strategic fit and organizational fit are important, they indicate only the value-creating potential of an acquisition and the anticipated implementation difficulties.

Our research found that the acquisition decision-making and integration processes present separate and unique problems and opportunities. At the same time, they are interactive and the issues that arise during these processes require that they be considered together. In contrast, practitioners of the conventional view often delegate post-acquisition decision making and integration to managers who were excluded from the pre-acquisition decision process for reasons of secrecy, time availability, or lack of status. They tend to presume that integration problems can be addressed either by keeping the people happy or by getting rid of them.

We are not suggesting that there is one universal approach to dealing with acquisitions. Although it is tempting to develop a standard approach to deal with all acquisitions, important differences exist among them. Our research has led to a contingency-based approach to managing acquisitions that (1) considers the strategic task that needs to be accomplished in any acquisition, and the integration needs this implies, yet (2) is conscious of the organizational requirements for autonomy, when they are central to achieving the acquisition purpose.

The problems firms experience with acquisitions are not always due to individuals or to a lack of insight into what should be done. Instead, they are embedded in the organizational processes by which managers tackle those issues (see again Figure 1-1). In most firms the decision-making approaches through which acquisitions are examined and the organizational repertoires used to integrate them were not developed for making decisions about acquisitions in the first place. Acquisitions are a severe test of a firm's organizational capabilities, one on which many firms do not achieve a passing grade.

OVERVIEW OF THE BOOK

The book comprises five parts, each of which addresses several basic questions about acquisitions, acquisition decision making, and acquisition integration. Figure 1-3 presents the major themes and conclusions around which our arguments are developed.

Chapter 2 completes the first part of the book, "Acquisitions and Value Creation." Chapter 2, which is more conceptual than the other chapters, provides an overall foundation for the arguments we make about value creation and anchors the logic of our argument in theory. We believe that most readers will find this theory interesting and useful as a way to frame their thinking. Readers who prefer to go directly to managerial issues can move to the rest of the book and can refer back to Chapter 2 as they read. The questions addressed in Chapter 2 are:

* How should managers view value creation?
* How do acquisitions relate to strategy?
* How do acquisitions create value?

The second part, "Acquisition Decision Making" focuses on issues and problems in the acquisition decision-making process and addresses these questions:

* How and why are acquisition decisions different from other investment decisions? (Chapter 3)
* What are the elements of a sound acquisition justification? (Chapter 3)
* What are the key problems in the acquisition decision-making process? How do they affect the acquisition outcome? (Chapter 4)
* How do differences in a company's resource allocation style affect its ability to make acquisition decisions? (Chapter 4)
* What alternatives do firms have to organize for acquisition decision making in general, and for individual acquisitions in particular? (Chapter 5)
* How do experienced acquirers organize for acquisition decision making? (Chapter 5)

The third part, "Integration: The Source of Value Creation," develops our conceptualization of the integration process It addresses such questions as:

* What happens during acquisition integration? (Chapter 6)
* What are the key elements in creating an atmosphere where capability transfer can take place? (Chapter 6)
* What are the key problems in integration that affect value creation? (Chapter 7)
* Which integration approaches correspond to which situations? (Chapter 8)
* What are the key factors in each of these integration approaches? (Chapters 8 and 9)

The fourth part, "Managing the Integration Process," illustrates the managerial lessons identified in our integration research, exploring questions such as:

* How do managers create the appropriate atmosphere after the acquisition? (Chapter 10)
* What should be done and in what order? (Chapter 10)
* How can value be created in different types of acquisitions by:

-- absorbing the other firm? (Chapter 11)
-- preserving what you bought? (Chapter 12)
-- amalgamating the two organizations? (Chapter 13)

The final part, "Linking Acquisitions Back to Strategy," summarizes the issues covered in this book and places them in the perspective of the strategic activities that come before and after the acquisition process:

* What is involved in defining a corporate-level acquisition strategy? (Chapter 14)
* What capabilities are required to manage the acquisition process? (Chapter 14)
* How can companies better learn from acquisitions? (Chapter 14)
* What challenges lie beyond successful acquisitions? (Chapter 15)

A CALL FOR CAUTION AND AN ENCOURAGEMENT

Our perspective on acquisitions places strategic, financial, and organizational considerations in the context of decision-making and integration processes through which they are developed and by which their success or failure is determined. In this light, we hope that this book will serve as both a call for caution and an encouragement. Caution is required, because making successful acquisitions is much more complex than managers assume before they begin. Behind the financial aspects of the deal lurk complex strategic questions and even more challenging organizational tasks. Encouragement is warranted because the payoffs may be high for management teams who can learn from their own experience and from the experience of others about how to better manage the acquisition process.

Copyright � 1991 by Simon & Schuster Inc.

Most helpful customer reviews

9 of 9 people found the following review helpful.
This is a strategy book and well done.
By A Customer
M&A books tend to be written in one of either two ways - "How-to" and strategy. This is a business strategy book. It deals primarily with the post acquisition phase and the successful integration of the business into an overall business plan. It could be used as a textbook on the subject given it's rigor. An added bonus is that it is well written by two authors that know the subject

1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
The M&A Book that started it all
By Jackson Talbot
Jemison and Haspeslagh are the high priests of M&A strategy. They created the strategic school reinforced by likeminded practitioners. The M&A thought leaders Clemente, Sikora, Greenspan, and Feldman, have taken the next step moving M&A out of the realm of the accountants and investment bankers and into the realm of business strategists. But this is the book that started it all and first took M&A beyond the numbers and valuations. This bible belongs on the shelf of every serious business man and woman.

0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
A must-read as you think about acquisitions
By khmarks
Most acquisitions fail because of integration and operations, not because of the deal. Managing Acquisitions provides a valuable and practical view to think about leading an acquisition to long-term success, not just closing. For my clients, it is recommended reading if they're on the buy-side.

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A Preface to Logic, by Morris R. Cohen

Over the past two centuries the field of logic has developed at an explosive pace into new areas far removed from the traditional syllogism and formal proof. The purpose of this well-known introductory treatment is to chart, clearly and lucidly, this new domain of today's vastly sophisticated logic. Author Morris R. Cohen explores "the periphery of logic, the relations of logic to the rest of the universe, the philosophical presuppositions which give logic its meaning, and the applications which give it importance."
Beginning with an exploration of the traditional scope of logic as the medium of formal proofs, the text pursues a modern investigation of the relationship between logic and the mind, logic and speech, logic in metaphor and fiction―and most significantly, logic and the concept of abstract reasoning as applied to the empirical world. Additional topics include logic and statistical method, probability, and scientific models. Concise and highly readable, this volume is suitable for college undergraduates and other readers interested in logic. 1944 edition.

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Over the past two centuries the field of logic has developed at an explosive pace into new areas far removed from the traditional syllogism and formal proof. The purpose of this well-known introductory treatment is to chart, clearly and lucidly, this new domain of today's vastly sophisticated logic. Author Morris R. Cohen explores "the periphery of logic, the relations of logic to the rest of the universe, the philosophical presuppositions which give logic its meaning, and the applications which give it importance."
Beginning with an exploration of the traditional scope of logic as the medium of formal proofs, the text pursues a modern investigation of the relationship between logic and the mind, logic and speech, logic in metaphor and fiction―and most significantly, logic and the concept of abstract reasoning as applied to the empirical world. Additional topics include logic and statistical method, probability, and scientific models. Concise and highly readable, this volume is suitable for college undergraduates and other readers interested in logic.
Dover (2015) republication of the edition originally published by Henry Holt, New York, 1944.
See every Dover book in print at
www.doverpublications.com

About the Author
Morris Raphael Cohen (1880–1947) was Professor of Philosophy at City College of New York from 1912 to 1938. The most prominent figure in American philosophy and philosophic studies of his era, he also taught at the University of Chicago and The New School for Social Research. His other books include Reason and Nature, Law and the Social Order, and The Meaning of Human History.

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6 of 8 people found the following review helpful.
Preface to Logic
By Jake Le Master
Although Cohen was unrivaled in contemporary American philosophy for the diversity of the subjects with which he occupied himself, it is from logic that he draws the basic principles that enable him to survey so wide a domain with such a unity of view. Early in life, through the study of Russell's Principles of Mathematics, he became convinced of the reality of abstract or mathematical relations. That pure mathematics asserts only logical implications and that such logical implications or relations cannot be identified with either psychological or physical events, but are involved as determinants of both, seemed to him to offer a well-grounded and fruitful starting point for philosophy. It at once ruled out for him the empiricism of Mill, since relations if they exist in the mind only cannot connect things external to the mind; it also ruled out for him the Hegelian effort to locate relations in an absolute totality that is beyond human understanding and therefore of no explanatory value. On the positive side the doctrine, since it constitutes a ground for the procedures of scientific method generally, permitted him to take full advantage of the remarkable developments of modern scientific thought. It led him also to return to what constituted the concern of classical philosophy before it became preoccupied with the problem of knowledge--mathematics, physics, biology, psychology, ethics, law, art, and religion. In philosophy proper it enabled him in the course of his extensive writings to raise almost every metaphysical question of importance and it re sulted in the composition of his book Reason and Nature, one of the few inexhaustible philosophical volumes written in America.

When the second edition of Russell's Principles of Mathematics appeared in 1938 Russell pointed out that the Pythagorean numerology

". . . has misled mathematicians and the Board of Education down to the present day. Consequently, to say that numbers are sym bols which mean nothing appears as a horrible form of atheism. At the time when I wrote the Principles, I shared with Frege a belief in the Platonic reality of numbers, which, in my imagina tion, peopled the timeless realm of Being. It was a comforting faith, which I later abandoned with regret."

Many of the disciples, however, refused to give up the faith and have busily defended the doctrines of the first edition against those of the second. Cohen long before the appearance of the second edition had detected this shift in Russell's thought. He remarked that with the publication of the Principles Russell became his Allah, and that Mohammed has kept the faith even though Allah himself has perhaps somewhat departed from it. Perhaps no more bitter controversy has been engendered in the mathematico-logical field than the dispute touched upon briefly by Russell in the passage quoted above. "What is all this frog-and-mouse battle among the mathematicians about?" even Einstein paused to ask. Its ramifications were extensive, and the militancy of contemporary logical positivism is current evidence that the questions still evoke strong partisanship.

Cohen in the present volume pays his respects once again to this and numerous other controversial matters, related more to the metaphysical foundations of logic than to the traditional technical themes. Logic, for him the most general of all the sciences, attempts to isolate the elements or operations common to all of them. From this it follows that the laws of logic have no contraries which possess meaning or are applicable to any possible determinate object, a condition which is not true of the special sciences, the systems of which have contraries which are abstractly possible. Cohen's view is that the distinctive subject matter of logic is formal truth, that such truth is concerned with the implication, consistency or necessary connection between objects asserted in propositions, the relations generally expressed by if--then necessarily. This conception of the subject matter of logic, although it is an accurate description of the basic content of the classical Aristotelian logic, has many assailants. In fact it is argued today, so unsettled is the whole matter, that there is no ground for asserting that logic has any subject matter.

Against such a delimitation of the subject matter of formal logic as that attempted by Cohen the objection is offered that it is a deduction from a particular philosophy, and that the field of logic should not be determined by such partial considerations. Cohen's position avowedly is an expression of his philosophy of logical realism. But since his conception of logic can be deduced from many philosophies, although not all the interpretations which Cohen puts upon the various logical doctrines can be so deduced, the validity of the conception should be judged by other considerations. If a true philosopher is one who has grounds for his belief, then Cohen assuredly, in the present case, qualifies for that distinction; however, since a true conclusion can follow from a false premise his understanding of logic is not undermined by a disproof of his philosophy. The argument that there is no ground in the present condition of logical knowledge to hold that logic has a distinctive subject matter, is an admonition of caution, and as such undoubtedly has merit. But in the absence of the construction of a non-Aristotelian logic, in which the contraries of the principles of contradiction and excluded middle are assumed to be true, and from which valid inferences can be drawn, we may assume that logical truths have been discovered, and that their study is the subject matter of logic.

Notwithstanding the fact that Cohen's emphasis is upon the abstract qualities of logic, he has always been careful to disassociate himself from logical positivism, which maintains that formal logic deals with linguistic expressions without any reference to sense or meaning. This attitude of the logical positivists is a development of Hubert's formalism, according to which mathematics is a game played according to simple, definite rules with meaningless marks on paper. Mathematics is held to be comparable to a game of chess. It is said that chess players do not ask what a particular game "means," although at some future day the game may acquire a meaning, if it should be interpreted in terms of law, economics or religion. However, the analogy is not strictly accurate, since today the result of a game of chess may mean that A is better than or equal to B in chess playing ability. In his application of Hubert's idea to logical inference Carnap uses the example of meaningless symbols: From "Pirots karulize elastically" and "A is a Pirot," we can infer that "A karulizes elatically," without knowing the meaning of the three words or the sense of the three sentences. Cohen denies that this is so. He points out that Carnap admits these are sentences only because we assume that "Pirots" is a substantive, "karulizes" is a verb (both of these terms being plural in the first sentence and singular in the others) and "elastically" is an adverb describing a way in which a process takes place.

"These expressions [Cohen writes] are therefore not entirely meaningless as would be undiluted gibberish. If instead of "Pirots" we put "the members of any class of objects" and instead of "karulize elastically" we put "are members of another class" we have as an inference that "a member of the first class is necessarily a member of the second class." And this I submit is the actual meaning which Professor Carnap's example suggests to anyone to whom the inference seems a valid one. This statement applies to all possible objects irrespective of any of their specific or differential traits but assuredly is not therefore entirely meaningless."

But is this Carnap's point? His position in fact is, that in order to determine whether or not one sentence is a consequence of another, no reference need be made to the meaning of the sentences; it is sufficient that the syntactical design of the sentences be given. Cohen seems to admit this when he grants that "A karulizes elastically" follows from the premises. Before he made that concession, surely it was not necessary for him to translate the nonsense words of Carnap's syllogism into his own meaningful sentences. Although Carnap's position is not answered by a demonstration that if a certain consequence is deducible from the manipulation of sentences possessing only a syntactical meaning, then a meaning otherwise than syntactical can be read into the sentences, it does point the way to the principal defect of the positivistic logic. All that Carnap says may be true, but we are still faced with the problem of giving language a material application. It is of the essence of language from the point of view of science that it communicate meaning with respect to matters which are true or false. If we start with, "If X, then Y," the problem is to arrive at, "If Socrates, then mortal," and not, "If Socrates, then immortal." If Carnap's conclusion that logic is nothing but syntax were true, logic would lose its scientific significance. Professor Carnap's effort to meet this problem through his method of ostensive definition reveals the real difficulties of his position.

Cohen's importance in contemporary thought is due as much to his application of the methods of science to problems of human existence as to his technical contributions to philosophy. Since Hegel he and Jordan were the only philosophers of standing who concerned themselves extensively with the problems of the legal ordering of society. Thus he rejects altogether the view that since science can deal only with the facts of existence, judgments of what ought to be are so arbitrary that no science of norms is possible. He insists that the essence of science consists of the formulation of hypotheses based upon the best available knowledge and anticipating new situations which can be experimentally tested so that greater determination can be achieved. He maintains that this procedure is open to ethics. An ethical system, he argues, can achieve the status of a scientific system if adequate hypotheses as to what is good or bad, or what is necessary in order to achieve certain ends, are developed. This position seems unassailable as far as it goes, but does it answer the real difficulty? It disposes of those who maintain that facts are the starting point of inquiry; but what of those who admit that facts are the ends to be achieved by inquiry, and who still deny the possibility of a science of ethics on the ground of the complexity of the subject matter or that of the ultimate irrelevance of ethical judgments to life on this earth? The hypothetico-deductive system has yielded extra ordinary knowledge of the physical world; but that process has been successful, in part at least, because of the ability of the physicist to simplify and deal only with ideal entities. Where the scientist has not been able to simplify he has failed, as in cancer research. We do not know if the method of simplification, i.e., the pursuit of the implications or effects of one single aspect or factor of a situation, is available in ethical inquiry in any significant sense, since the nature of human conduct may be such that it will not yield to that technique. Furthermore, since we see no ground for such action we do not today pass judgment on the goodness or badness of the universe, the evil ness of volcanic eruptions, or the practice of slavery among the ants. Whatever our preferences may be, Cohen's argument does not negative the possibility that ethical judgments of human conduct may be just as irrelevant as evaluations of the physical universe. This argument does not foreclose the possibility of a technology of ethics founded on unsystematized preferences and ends, in which normative judgments to that extent possess relevance. But a science of ethics demands as a prerequisite a determinate system, a condition which the complexities of conduct may make impossible.

Cohen's present volume is devoted, as can be seen from the foregoing, to an analysis of problems lying on the borderlines of logic, and not with the customary subject matter of the usual treatises. Since his writing is distinguished by an admirable clarity, his argument can be followed with ease by the intelligent reader. All the topics which he discusses are the subject of radical inquiry in philosophical circles. They embrace such matters as the nature of propositions, the theory of meaning and implication, the overlap of logical classes, fictions, the statistical view of nature, logic and the world order and a chapter on probability which is a valuable supplement to the discussion of the same topic in Reason and Nature. These topics may seem innocuous, but they harbor questions the analysis of which has led within recent years to actual assassination, and the framers of political programs have found it expedient to take official notice of them. As a whole the volume is one of the best existing statements in the field of logic of the point of view of that branch of American philosophy which deals with its subject matter through the methods of science.

1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHER EXPLORES THE “PERIPHERY OF LOGIC”
By Steven H Propp
Morris Raphael Cohen (1880-1947) was an American philosopher, lawyer, and legal scholar who united pragmatism with logical positivism and linguistic analysis. He wrote other books such as Reason And Nature, An Essay On The Meaning Of Scientific Method, The Faith of a Liberal: Selected Essays, Studies in Philosophy and Science, etc.

He wrote in the Foreword to this 1944 book, “This volume does not purport to be a treatise on logic. Whatever slight contributions I have been able to make to the substance of logical doctrine have been made elsewhere. What is attempted in the studies that form this volume is an exploration of the periphery of logic, the relations of logic to the rest of the universe, the philosophical presuppositions which give logic its meaning, and the applications which give it importance. If this voyage of exploration does not settle any of the domains surveyed, I trust that it may at least dispel some doubts as to the existence of these domains and perhaps persuade some who are now inclined to waiver that here are fertile fields which will richly repay honest intellectual labor.” (Pg. x-xi)

He explains in the first chapter, “The employment of special symbols instead of the more familiar symbols called words, is a practical convenience rather than a logical necessity. There is not a proposition in logic or mathematics that cannot be ultimately expressed in ordinary words (this is proved by the fact that these subjects can be taught to those who do not start with a knowledge of the special symbols). But practically it is impossible to make much progress in mathematics and logic without appropriate symbols.” (Pg. 8)

He states, “Mill’s method of agreement and difference has a limited usefulness as a method of eliminating the circumstances which are not causal, and thereby helping somewhat in finding the true cause. But it is to be observed that the efficiency of this method depends on our fundamental assumption as to what circumstances are relevant or possibly related causally to the given effect. If the true cause is not included in our major premise the ‘canons of induction’ will not enable us to discover it. If anyone thinks that I have understated the case for these canons of induction as methods of discovery, let him discover by their means the cause of cancer or of disorders in internal secretions.” (Pg. 21)

He comments on the logical Positivism of Rudolf Carnap: “Carnap and others deny that any unverifiable proposition has meaning… We do not ordinarily think that the meaning of anything is identical with its verifiable consequences. All sorts of statements are ordinarily deemed significant or meaningful without it ever occurring to us to undertake their verification. Such is the case, for example, with ordinary suppositions, invitations, statements of problems, expressions of doubt, questions, statements of immediate perception, and statements of logical implications. Surely these and other types of intelligible statement have meaning without being verified. I say to someone, ‘Consider the case of a man drowning.’ This is an intelligible statement that does not call for verification.” (Pg. 57)

He observes, “Recent psychology seems to justify the doubt, expressed long ago by Burke, as to whether people who understand what is meant by right, liberty, justice, etc., have any corresponding images other than the words or sounds, and whether even more concrete concepts universally arouse any other images in the course of ordinary rapid conversation or reading.” (Pg. 68)

He points out, “Consider the usual illustration of induction given in our logic texts, viz., that of the sun rising. Is it true that the more often we have seen it rise the more probable it is that we will see it rise again? If that were the case there would be a greater probability of the man who has been it rise 36,000 times living another day, than the man who had seen it rise 3,600 times---which is absurd. Mill, himself the strongest defender of the claims of induction, admitted with characteristic candor that in some cases a few instances are far more probative than a much larger number of instances in other situations.” (Pg. 106)

He argues, “Conclusions are necessitated by the premises because if we follow certain rules of logic all alternative conclusions are shown to be impossible. By ruling out certain possibilities of premises and conclusions we achieve determinate results. In this development of limited possibilities lies the fruitfulness of logic. Mathematics is thus productive as well as deductive. It is an exploration of the field of possibility just as truly as astronomy is an exploration of the field of stellar motions.” (Pg. 181)

Cohen’s book, though more than seventy years old, may still interest modern students of logic looking for an introduction to the “principles” of the subject.

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Minggu, 15 Agustus 2010

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Professional Ethics, by Michael D. Bayles

This book should be of interest as core text for professional ethics courses and a supplement for business courses.

  • Sales Rank: #2779979 in Books
  • Brand: Brand: Wadsworth Pub Co
  • Published on: 1988-07
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 2
  • Dimensions: 9.50" h x 6.75" w x .50" l,
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 288 pages
Features
  • Used Book in Good Condition

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Four Stars
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Sabtu, 14 Agustus 2010

[P952.Ebook] Ebook Download Estamos En El Aire: Una Historia de La Television En La Argentina (Spanish Edition), by Silvia Itkin, Pablo Sirven, Carlos Ulanovsky

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Estamos En El Aire: Una Historia de La Television En La Argentina (Spanish Edition), by Silvia Itkin, Pablo Sirven, Carlos Ulanovsky

  • Sales Rank: #10399428 in Books
  • Published on: 1999-09
  • Original language: Spanish
  • Number of items: 1
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 24 pages

Language Notes
Text: Spanish

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Kamis, 12 Agustus 2010

[K411.Ebook] Ebook The Book Of Satoshi: The Collected Writings of Bitcoin Creator Satoshi Nakamoto, by Phil Champagne

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The Book Of Satoshi: The Collected Writings of Bitcoin Creator Satoshi Nakamoto, by Phil Champagne

Have you, like the rest of the world, speculated as to the identity of Satoshi Nakamoto, anonymous creator of Bitcoin?

The world’s first cryptocurrency, Bitcoin went online in 2009 and has since revolutionized our concepts of currency and money. Not supported by any government or central bank, completely electronic, Bitcoin is a virtual currency based on advanced cryptographic systems.

Like the currency he created, the identity of Bitcoin’s creator Satoshi Nakamoto is virtual, existing only online. The Nakamoto persona, which may represent an individual or a group, exists only in the online publications that introduced and explained Bitcoin during its earliest days. Here, collected and professionally published for the first time are the essential writings that detail Bitcoin’s creation.

Included are

  • Satoshi Nakamoto Emails and Posts on Computer Forums Presented in Chronological Order
  • Bitcoin Fundamentals Presented in Layman’s Terms
  • Bitcoin’s Potential and Profound Economic Implications
  • The Seminal Paper Which Started It All

The Book of Satoshi provides a convenient way to parse through what Bitcoin’s creator wrote over the span of the two years that constituted his “public life" before he disappeared from the Internet ... at least under the name Satoshi Nakamoto. Beginning on November 1st 2009 with the publication of the seminal paper describing Bitcoin, this public life ends at about the time PC World speculated as to a possible link between Bitcoin and WikiLeaks, the infamous website that publishes leaked classified materials. Was there a connection? You be the judge.

Nakamoto’s true identity may never be known. Therefore the writings reproduced here are probably all the world will ever hear from him concerning Bitcoin’s creation, workings, and theoretical basis. Want to learn more about Bitcoin? Go directly to the source—the writings of the creator himself, Satoshi Nakamoto!

  • Sales Rank: #184168 in Books
  • Published on: 2014-06-05
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 9.00" h x .89" w x 6.00" l, 1.16 pounds
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 394 pages

Review
"Here is a phenomenal book which contains the complete collected writings of everything Satoshi ever posted about bitcoin."
━John W. Ratcliff, Let's Talk Bitcoin, 06/22/2014

"After revisiting the (white) paper, I realized that the book as a whole allowed me to more thoroughly understand its intricacies. Overall, the book provides information that readers from any professional background can get something from... The Book of Satoshi's pseudo-encyclopedic structure allows the reader to jump across different topics depending on the info they're seeking."
━Kevin Cruz, Bitcoin Magazine, 11/19/2014

"Phil Champagne has put into an easy-to-read format the fomenting of one of the most important technological innovations of our time... a completely decentralized platform to perform payment transaction without the need for a trusted third party. Its importance is only surpassed by the Internet itself as an evolution in communications. Chapter 2 provides readers unfamiliar with Bitcoin a great overview of its technological and philosophical foundation and of how it operates."
━Jeff Berwick, The Dollar Vigilante, 06/16/2014

"The first time I heard about this book I thought "What a silly idea, why would anyone pay for content already freely available on the Internet?" �Now that I have my own copy, I'm very happy about it. It is indeed an excellent reference for myself and my research. There are certain texts I much prefer to read on paper than on the screen. In addition, the author has taken the trouble to classify all texts chronologically and thematically.
(Translated from German)
━Friedemann Brenneis, The Coinspondent, 09/30/2014

Most helpful customer reviews

7 of 7 people found the following review helpful.
You need to read this book
By Kristian Lenoir
Satoshi's great innovations: bitcoin and the blockchain. They are changing the way we exchange value, and they are also about to change how we share information, launch startups, contract with one another, and much more. Bitcoin is not a revolution, it is an evolution. If you are even remotely interested in understanding bitcoin and its origins, YOU NEED TO READ THIS BOOK.

The Book of Satoshi provides a clear and accessible understanding of bitcoin. After reading through the first two chapters, you will know more about bitcoin than 99% of the population. But chapters 3 to 71 is where this book really shines. Once you understand the basics, you might wonder what Satoshi thought about cryptographic vulnerabilities (chapter 40), alternative blockchains (chaper 56), bitcoin anonymity (chapter 28), and more.

The Book of Satoshi gives you a structured access to the vision, thoughts, and correspondences of Satoshi, one of the most influential pseudonymous personality of the 21st century.

3 of 3 people found the following review helpful.
Why Bitcoin? Let the creator explain "why" in his own words.
By DAVID M PARRISH
I enjoyed reading through the writings of Satoshi Nakamoto in this comprehensive chronicle of the beginnings of Bitcoin. In "The Book of Satoshi", Satoshi's writings do a great job of making the case for Bitcoin and explain many of technical decisions in detail. Phil additionally provides a concise introduction to Bitcoin and summary of Satoshi quotes.

I recommend this book to anyone who wants to understand Satoshi's motivation behind creating Bitcoin or why he made certain decisions in the design and implementation of Bitcoin. You are going to save yourself days by not search through hundreds of internet posts.

2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
Better than I expected
By ddd
Before reading this I thought it was either: a) a hagiography of Satoshi, b) a load of public domain content slapped in a hastily self-published book with the idea of making a quick buck, c) both. Of course it does mainly contain public domain writings about bitcoin but the author has added significant value by sorting through them and adding his own editorial comment and introductory paragraphs.

I had a few minor quibbles with the intro but anyone reading this book wouldn't use it as an intro to bitcoin. It gives a fascintating and surprisingly readable background to the genesis of bitcoin, spread over 70 or so short chapters. For me the fact that things are discussed in a to and fro correspondence between Satoshi and others really helped to form a picture of the development of the system and gave enough time for things to sink in as I read.

Buying this book was a highly price-sensitive decision for me, knowing that this is mostly free content, but I think the author priced the paperback at exactly the right level (~15 bucks in Dec '14), hence it's well worth five stars. Quality of print and layout is very good for a self-published book (I assume that's what it is anyway).

What else would I have wanted? Larger glossary and more links to insightful papers about particular aspects raised in the book - there were some but I think the author might have gone a little further. Minor points though - great book that spans technology/culture/contemporary history.

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